Cultural diffusion is about the spreading of culture over time. The Americas, on the other hand, had huge untapped deposits of silver. Britain also established a free-market doctrine that undercut India's social support programs (Davis 2001). Gravity. link to the specific question (not just the name of the question) that contains the content and a description of Berkeley: University of California Press. The volcanoes of Lemnos, an island in the Mediterranean, and Mount Etna, on the island of Sicily, were believed to be the forges of Hephaestus, the Greek god of fire. Origins of the Modern World System [link]. the brand of aggressive, militaristic colonialism that emerged in the second-half of the nineteenth century, the spread and globalization of western, particularly American, culture, the continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers, the dependence of many of the world’s poorest countries on the United States of America for food and aid. At least a few Europeans settled in every colony, in order to run its affairs and direct the production of wealth for the ruler. The effects of four centuries of slave trade on Africa are still apparent, a mere century and a half after its end. Colonial rulers charged native people taxes that must be paid in cash -- in contrast to native rulers, who had accepted payment in grain, hides, or other products. A disease that is too slow to infect new victims will disappear, as everyone who has it dies or gets better without passing it on to new victims. Yet at the same time, the increased economic activity generated by the influx of American silver and other resources, as well as a population boom fueled by new American crops like potatoes and maize, was causing the economies of China and India -- the old cores -- to expand too (Frank 1998). 1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5 Shapes of Countries. New York: Oxford University Press. The only way to acquire cash was to grow crops that could be sold to colonial trading monopolies, or to work as a laborer in colonial mines or other jobs. A description of the nature and exact location of the content that you claim to infringe your copyright, in \ 2008. Environment 37 (7): 3-5, 42-43. 2020 AP Test Changes Due to COVID-19. Timber and other forest products like turpentine were also important. One long-popular theory was race: Europeans, and their descendants elsewhere in the world, were said to be simply more intelligent and harder-working (Kobayashi 2003). The pre-European population of the Americas is estimated to have been somewhere in the range of 40 to 80 million, but the population was reduced to only 6 million by 1650 (Denevan 1992). Under British rule, these programs were eliminated. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed between the empires of Spain and Portugal in 1494. The Americas, on the other hand, produced only three domesticated animals -- turkeys, llamas and alpacas, and guinea pigs (Native Americans also had dogs, which were brought from Asia). For example, imagine what happens when a mining company opens a new mine in Papua New Guinea. In Environmental Justice: Discourses in International Political Economy, eds. India and China were the dominant economic powers in this system. 2. In practice this meant stripping the colonies of their raw resources, bringing them back to Europe, and either storing them or using them in manufacturing. Widely believed to be the “cradle of humankind,” Africa is the only continent with fossil evidence of human beings (Homo sapiens) and their ancestors through each key stage of their evolution. With the help of the community we can continue to Soul wound: the legacy of Native American schools. hunting or native forms of agriculture) (Smith 2007). It depopulated significant swaths of land, which then reverted to disease-infested swamps. The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. The solution was simple: Britain banned India from exporting textiles. For example, English farming systems involving wheat, peas, and cattle could be recreated in the northeastern US with little effort. This form of economic control over a former colony is known as “Neo-colonialism.”. Included a large amount of ethnic and cultural groups Why are Empires not States? Which of these European imperial powers is not correctly matched with an African territory it received in the Berlin Conference or conquered during the Scramble for Africa? So as Europeans pushed into the heart of the Americas, they found tribes already devastated by disease and "wilderness" that had only recently been abandoned. And disease spread quicker than European explorers and conquerors. Today, geographers hold that one critical piece of the puzzle of the rise of the West is colonialism. But the granting of formal independence did not necessarily end the economic … Blaut, J. M. 1989. This often leads to mistreatment of the original inhabitants, degradation of the local environment, and introduction of previously unknown diseases. … As the silver flowed toward China, a variety of commodities -- textiles, spices, ceramics, and others -- flowed back toward Europe. But in fact this is a myth, invented by storyteller Washington Irving in 1828. So why is English spoken so widely there? AP Human Geography Exam. The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa. The term “Neo-colonialism” has emerged in recent years to refer to the continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers. Marks the beginning of the modern state system Treaty between princes of the states making up the Holy Roman Empire Ended destructive religious war –The Thirty Year War Recognized the rights of rulers within defined Geographical Review 82 (2): 143-153. Journal of World History 16 (4): 411-465. Rather, the tribe had been devastated by a disease epidemic. This means that the profits from selling the mine's products will go to investors in those regions. Part A: 1 point total. Colonial Riches and the Asian Trade [link]. London: Routledge. The University of Texas at Dallas, Bachelor in Arts, International Political Economy. Here, the European rulers relied heavily on slaves brought from Africa. Frank, Andre Gunder, and Barry Gills, eds. Cultural Geography Historic Cultures Indigenous cultures shaped, and were shaped by, the geography of Australia and Oceania. a AP Human Geography: Exam Prep Final Free Practice Test Instructions Choose your answer to the question and click 'Continue' to see how you did. Chamberlain, Muriel E. 1999. The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. It was not uncommon for tribes to lose 90% or more of their members. While they were set up as colonies, the wholesale transfer of the European way of life to these areas enabled them to become rivals to the European homelands, and even, in the case of the US, capture the status of global economic core. Colonizing powers used a variety of techniques to shift economic activity toward cash cropping and resource extraction (e.g. Language ex³nc³on, both currently and throughout history, has been a major concern for cultural geographers, linguists, anthropologists, and other academics. information contained in your Infringement Notice is accurate, and (c) under penalty of perjury, that you are AP Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary. Meanwhile, Papua New Guinea may receive a few low-paying jobs. A ruler who acquired guns from the Europeans in exchange for slaves was at a political and military advantage vis-a-vis neighbors who did not participate in the slave trade. Most Greek gods and goddesses are representations of the active physical elements that made up the local landscape. Colonialism is a process by which a country takes over new land, and reorganizes that land's economy to benefit the colonizing power, rather than to benefit the residents of the colony. Given this history, it is not surprising that the entitlement theory of famine was developed by Amartya Sen, an Indian. Of these countries, all are correctly labeled except Mozambique and Great Britain. But the trans-Atlantic slave trade differed in several crucial ways. None of these are the sort of herd animals that commonly pass diseases to humans (Diamond 1997). This video goes over everything you need to know about the different types of diffusion. Native Americans, on the other hand, had never had an opportunity to evolve resistance to diseases like smallpox or measles, and so they were killed in huge numbers. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 1992. A disease that infects too quickly will soon find itself without any new victims because everyone in the population is either dead or healed. More on Machakos. Only a few of today's countries were never ruled by a European or neo-European power, and even those came under heavy European influence in their internal affairs and ability to participate in the world market. Whilst Algeria accounts for a little over one-percent of French trade (making it relatively insignificant to France), France accounts for a quarter of Algerian trade (making it extremely significant to Algeria). The full slideshow can be purchased at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Mr-Eil… Diamond, Jared M. 1997. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Moreover, the net effect of colonization in some cases was to exacerbate ethnic tensions. The important idea here is that long-distance trade is not carried on for the equal benefit of all parties. The geography and climate of the Mediterranean region, for example, directly influenced Greek mythology. C. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale. Human Development Index. What Columbus found, of course was that there were two whole continents lying west of Europe and east of China. As a result of the vagaries of biogeography, the Afro-Eurasian landmass contained a number of suitable domesticable species. China soon began to suffer some of the same problems as India, as its economic activity came to serve European wealth and systems to provide for people in the event of a catastrophe like a drought weakened. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary. The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. The construction of geographical knowledge -- racialization, spatialization. Yet in their second assault, they were successful. Your Infringement Notice may be forwarded to the party that made the content available or to third parties such This theory too has been discredited, as no evidence exists to support it. During this contraction phase, regions refocus on local subsistence and trade declines. These raw materials fed the manufacturers of Europe, easing resource constraints that had grown as Europe's economy expanded. One important synthesis of the way these spatial arrangements work is World Systems Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 3. K. Anderson et al., 544-556. 2003. The implication of the term is that, although the colonial powers no longer exert political or militaristic control over the former colonies, they are still able to control the population of these countries to variable degrees through economic and cultural processes. This helps to solidify control of the colony. And the hemisphere-wide economic system that had emerged connected Europe into a huge total population of people. And if the white race is not biologically distinct from other races, then we can’t explain the economic growth of Europe on the basis of biological characteristics. (1500's-1700's) European colonialism in Africa (1800's-1900's) Wallerstein's World-systems theory. Denevan, William M. 1992. Kobayashi, Audrey. For now, we can summarize by saying that some people argued that the temperate climate of Europe was invigorating to its inhabitants, whereas tropical climates in much of the rest of the world made people lazy and sensual (Frenkel 1992). For example, researcher… Which of the following is not an issue typically associated with colonialism? Over time, only the genes conferring high resistance to the disease will be left. (Unfortunately for the Wampanoags' strategic calculations, the English soon turned against all of New England's native people). La Crónica del Perú. New international division of labor. The Berlin Conference was primarily concerned with __________. Many countries bear crushing debt burdens which are owed to ex-colonizer countries, forcing them to continue producing for the world market and making them vulnerable to demands from international creditors. Losing these workers made Africa more dependent on European goods and less able to produce for itself. Key Concepts: Terms in this set (58) Antecedent Boundary. The end of formal colonialism is usually dated to the mid-1800s for the Western Hemisphere, and the mid-1900s for the Eastern. Sundberg, J. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. A boundary that was drawn across an area prior to the area becoming substantially … One of the reasons that Europe had remained in the semiperiphery of the world economy before 1492 was that there was little that Europe could produce that China and India wanted. In the Americas, lands were cut up into haciendas run by Spanish or Portuguese masters, with poor and native people having little option but to work for the masters (even if they weren’t formally enslaved). One major commodity that China did demand from the outside world was precious metals, particularly silver (Frank 1998). They came to believe that they were an inferior or backward people and that the only hope lay in assimilating to the colonizer's culture. Thus, the diseases that people in Afro-Eurasia got from their livestock could easily find new victims in the local area, and pass on to new areas when the local epidemic's peak passed. Amnesty Magazine. Mamdani, Mahmood. An economic recession in the mid-1700s created an opportunity for the British East India company to move in and take over, uniting the various empires and principalities into a colony encompassing what are now the nations of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (Frank 1998). Flashcards. Slave traders naturally preferred able-bodied young men and women, who were the productive backbone of pre-slave-trade African economies. Irredentism refers to the belief that territory outside a given state should be made part of the state due to a large amount of people living there of the same ethnicity as live in the state in question or due to the state having historically been in possession of the territory. Explanation: “Environmental determinism” is a theory of cultural geography that states that cultural traditions, and the differences between various cultures, are informed by environmental concerns.This had racial connotations during the age of European colonialism. One mechanism was taxation (Watts 1983). If Varsity Tutors takes action in response to A related theory was environmental determinism. Colonialism works to funnel wealth back to the colonizer while inhibiting the development of the colony. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 1989. Second, the trans-Atlantic slave trade was highly racialized. Brautigam, Deborah. Varsity Tutors LLC Algeria was once a major colony of France and was under French control until the 1960s. The taxes were often timed to force native producers to sell their crops at times of the year when markets were glutted and thus prices were low. The trade did not feature the transportation of tobacco from Europe to the Americas. 2. So is Iceland. Eventually, the stage is set for a renewal of growth. Britain's mills could now buy cotton from its colonies in India and Egypt, as well as slave-grown cotton from the southern US, turn it into cloth, and make a profit selling that cloth around the world, including in the cotton-producing colonies. Colonialism: Colonialism refers to the act of a group of people from one nation going to other parts of the world and forming settlements. Most of the devastating epidemic diseases are derived from diseases common to herd animals. Those that fell on the Portuguese side of this arbitrary line now live in Brazil and continue to speak Portuguese; those that fell on the Spanish side live in the rest of South America and continue to speak Spanish. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. But Columbus was convinced that the Earth was smaller than that, and therefore that he could sail all the way to China (Blaut 1989). Numerous colonies still exist today -- for example, the US controls places such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and some native activists argue that Hawaii is more colony than state. Here's another fun fact: the Angles never lived in Hong Kong. Self-determination is the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments. If they succeeded in their economic endeavors, people would take that as proof that they were favored by God and thus likely to be among those predestined for Heaven (Weber 1904). Rather, the system is typically organized so that the bulk of the profits accrue to one area of the world, called the core. ChillingEffects.org. A mere boost to Europe's fortunes was not enough to turn Europe into the core of the world economy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Start studying Ap Human Geography Unit 4. A. The colonies' external trade was controlled by the ruling power (so they couldn't trade with China themselves), and they were often forbidden from developing their own manufacturing base to compete with the mother country. Federal and Unitary States. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Placing race in environmental justice research in Latin America. These continents proved far more lucrative for Europe than any trade route. Seville. The colonizers then favored the "higher" races, placing them in positions of power. PLAY. The world economy has a three-tier structure. Beaujard, Philippe. A revolution in environmental justice and sustainable development: the political ecology of Nicaragua. Introduction of diseases into "virgin" territory, Mass migration of colonized peoples into the colonizing country. Smallpox derives from cowpox, measles from rinderpest, and human influenza from related diseases of a variety of livestock. Watts, M. 1983. Colonialism also created ideological subordination. Indochina, a region that now includes the modern-day countries of Vietnam and Cambodia, was ruled by which of these Empires until the decolonization period that followed World War II? Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. This was in part triggered by the Black Plague. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Europe had benefited from being connected to the large Afro-Eurasian landmass, giving it access to the technological ingenuity of a large population of people, and creating competition that drove those people to devise new technologies for projecting power over new lands. European trade with Asia was further hampered by a lack of easy trade routes to the East. For a disease to persist in a population, it needs to strike a balance between being too virulent and not virulent enough (Dobson and Carper 1994). Oxford: Oxford University Press. The slave trade exacerbated conflicts among kingdoms and tribes in Africa. Crosby, Alfred W. 1986. In any widespread economic system, a division into a core, semiperiphery, and periphery can emerge. An identification of the copyright claimed to have been infringed; The world's major mining companies are headquartered in places like North America and Europe. the "Pax Britannica" established in Africa (Watts 1986). Indochina, often called French Indochina, was a colonial possession of the French Empire until the decolonization period that followed World War II. In many cases, that was British consumers rather than Indian ones. Other writers have tried to find something inherent in European culture to explain the difference. In Handbook of Cultural Geography, eds. Created by. Often, the governing country uses the colony for its resources, taking what is useful without regard to the original inhabitants. "The West" is a vague term roughly corresponding with the developed world or global North, excluding Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea. If you've found an issue with this question, please let us know. This is a sample of Part one of my AP Human Geography: Unit 4 slideshow. Struggle in Ogoniland: Ken Saro-Wiwa and the cultural politics of environmental justice. The World System: Five Hundred or Five Thousand Years? As trade routes began to grow again, European rulers and merchants committed themselves to capturing more of the trade surplus -- to becoming less of a semiperiphery and more of a core part of the world economic system. One of the perennial questions in the social sciences is to explain "the rise of the West." First was the scale. As late as 1793, the Chinese Emperor Ch'ien Lung bragged to King George III of England: "I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country's manufactures" (Frank 1998). The work of capturing slaves and bringing them to the European trading ports was done by other Africans. 2002. Smith, Andrea. India's major commodity export for a long time had been textiles, produced in rural shops all through the region. Frank, Andre Gunder. Humans caught these diseases by domesticating animals like cattle, sheep, and chickens. CREATE AN ACCOUNT Create Tests & Flashcards. The bluntest instrument was to simply seize land and convert it into plantations run by Europeans. 2010. The pristine myth: the landscape of the Americas in 1492. My Geography teacher is also going to write a blog about what she teaches me (and therefore what I should have learnt!) Mercantilism was eventually replaced by free-market capitalism as the dominant economic theory in Europe and much of the world. mining). Cieza de Leon, Pedro. In the 1300s, this world system experienced a decline (Abu-Lughod 1989). Joni Adamson, Mei Mei Evans, and Rachel Stein, 229-246. Popular culture portrays Columbus as having the insight that the world was round -- and thus that China could be reached by sailing westward -- while his ignorant contemporaries insisted the world was flat. Barnard College, Current Undergrad, Mathematics-Statistics, Political Science. The course content outlined below is organized into commonly taught units of study that provide one possible sequence for the course. 2001. Kenya: Post-election violence not spontaneous. But European settlement was particularly heavy in areas that have come to be known as neo-Europes -- Canada, the US, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay in the Americas, as well as South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. World Ecological Degradation: Accumulation, Urbanization, and Deforestation 3000 B.C.-A.D. 2000. Slavery had existed for a long time in both Europe and Africa. Examples of colonialism include the ancient Greek colonization of Sicily, the Spanish colonization of South America, the Viking colonization of Normandy and the British colonization of Australia. Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Test. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Dobson, Andrew P., and E. Robin Carper. We're familiar with short-term economic ups and downs, which last perhaps a few years at a time. In his first assault on the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, Hernán Cortéz's forces -- armed with guns, swords, steel armor, and war horses -- were defeated by the Aztecs. But even where land was left in native hands, colonial rulers found ways to change their economic calculus. A series of unprecedented famines struck India and other colonies in the late 1800s, even as these colonies were exporting food to Britain. Colonialism and the rise of capitalism. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. Colonizing powers brought with them worldviews that said that Europeans were culturally, racially, and morally superior. Throughout the Americas, European diseases wiped out countless native people. Finally, diseases have a much more devastating impact when they come to a new population for the first time. Give a real world example for each way. 1553. Semiperipheral areas often aspire to become the core, in order to reap the rewards of long-distance trade. We learned in an earlier chapter that the idea of race, in the sense of biologically distinct sub-species of humans, was created during the colonial era to justify the social organization of the colonies. on or linked-to by the Website infringes your copyright, you should consider first contacting an attorney. sufficient detail to permit Varsity Tutors to find and positively identify that content; for example we require St. Louis, MO 63105. Structure of contemporary political map. The real disagreement was over how big the earth was. Economic activity in ex-colonies continued to be funded by investors in the former colonizer, and products were bought and sold by companies based in the former colonizer (Davis 2001). Search » All » Geography » AP Human Geography ... Japan is in example but their are few states like it. The definition of cultural diffusion (noun) is the geographical and social spread of the different aspects of one more cultures to different ethnicities, religions, nationalities, regions, etc. Sovereignty is the authority of a state to govern itself. Post-Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism [link]. either the copyright owner or a person authorized to act on their behalf. Colonialism Essay Directions Hearth Writing Assessment Hearth Writing Assessment (limit 2 pages or 900 words [insert at end of paper]) Describe how your cultural hearth has been affected politically, and/or economically, and/or culturally because of colonialism or imperialism. Three Types of Empires. The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African world-systems before the Sixteenth Century. Cultural Geography Historic Cultures The African continent has a unique place in human history. or more of your copyrights, please notify us by providing a written notice (“Infringement Notice”) containing Weber, Max. In The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy, eds. This is the regularly scheduled date for the AP Human Geography Exam. Wallerstein’s World System’s Theory divides the world into core nations and periphery nations, which closely parallels neocolonial ideas. As discussed earlier, the world economy goes through cyclical ups and downs. Infringement Notice, it will make a good faith attempt to contact the party that made such content available by Three key factors explain why European diseases were so devastating to Native Americans, whereas with the exception of syphilis, no American diseases ever became a problem for Europeans: domestic animals, population size, and time (Dobson and Carper 1994). The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. Rather, tobacco was transported from the Americas, particularly from the American colonies, to Europe. The plague originated with rats from central Asia. Other natural resources and agricultural products were important as well (Pomeranz 2000). Science & Society 53 (3): 260-296. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Among the diseases causing significant epidemics were "smallpox, chickenpox, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, common cold, pneumonia, scarlet fever, whooping cough, diphtheria, typhus, dysentery, cholera, bubonic plague, malaria, and amoebic dysentery" (Krech 1999). Independent states are the building blocks of the of world political map. But they also lose potential mineral wealth, and have to deal with pollution from the mine. Basic and Non-Basic Industries. The population of the Americas, on the other hand, was smaller, less densely settled, and less tightly linked into long-distance trade. AP Human Geography Unit 3 FRQs 1. Weber’s theory fails to account for the greater economic dynamism of Asia during much of the period after the Protestant reformation or the recent economic success of Catholic (Spain, Ireland) and Confucian (Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore) societies. Vocabulary from the Advanced Placement course of Human Geography regarding political geography . Add To Calendar; Details ; About the Units. So the colonial rulers brought about two major migration streams: settlers from Europe, and slaves from Africa. 2. It is much easier for a disease to hit this sweet spot in a large, dense population. STUDY. Goldberg, Michelle. But Britain's emerging industrial economy was also focused (among other things) on textile manufacture. Mercantilism is best defined as __________. India fell first. Many of the most-spoken languages around the world are European, with the number of speakers vastly outweighing the population of that language's country of origin. Large areas of the world have been integrated into single economic systems for a long period of time. It emphasized maintaining a favorable balance of trade and the accumulation of precious metals. But the underlying tensions did not go away, and they erupted once the colonizer was pushed out -- as we can see today in Nigeria (Comfort 2002) and Kenya (Daily Nation 2010). Once the American colonies (Figure 3) were conquered, the new European rulers had to find someone to extract the resources and produce the products that would make the colonies worthwhile. 1998. Consider the impact of colonialism on the world’s cultural geography. misrepresent that a product or activity is infringing your copyrights. (Clear inference of communication barriers being overcome.) Prior to that, other regions of the world, specifically China and India, could be considered the core (Frank 1998). Other portions of the system, called the periphery, experience a loss of wealth due to their participation in the system. mgettenberg. which specific portion of the question – an image, a link, the text, etc – your complaint refers to; International Trade Approach & Self Sufficient Approach. But economic historians have also identified long-lasting waves of economic growth and decline, lasting several hundred years. France is currently by far the biggest trading partner of Algeria, this is most accurately described as __________. Asian manufacturing was much more productive than that of Europe. 1. In Peru, Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas by taking advantage of a civil war that broke out when a disease (probably smallpox as well) killed the emperor Huayna Capac and his designated heir, Ninan Cuyochi. This made it easy for the package of plants and animals that support the European way of life to be transferred to the new colonies (Crosby 1986). improve our educational resources. Then click 'Next Question' to answer the next question. Much of the trade within Asia was carried on by Arab and Chinese ships, and caravans through Central Asia. A review on the different types of diffusion with review questions. Territory is not clearly defined – boundaries were not set or recognized. The Treaty of Tordesillas primarily concerns the division of __________ between two colonial powers. Conquest, De-population, and Re-population [link]. BioScience 46 (2): 115-126. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. University of Washington-Seattle Campus... University of South Florida-Main Campus, Current Undergrad, International Studies. John Byrne, Leigh Glover, and Cecilia Martinez, 39-70. Rise and Demise: Comparing World-Systems. Mozambique was under the control of Portugal. Hold on to your hats! It was conquered by the Japanese during the war but returned to France following the conclusion of the war. 2. Large economic systems go through boom and bust phases on a long historical time scale. Explain the degree to which globalization can explain the loss of indigenous languages in Africa since the 1970s. As historian Janet Abu-Lughod put it, "the 'fall of the East' preceded the 'Rise of the West'" (Abu-Lughod 1989). Spell. New York: Guilford Press. The Domino Theory. The mines of the Americas began pumping silver into the Asian economy, either moving directly across the Pacific in Spanish galleons, or passing to Europe and then on via the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia (Figure 4). On the political front, countries in the European/neo-European core used their greater power to interfere with the affairs of ex-colonies around the world. In this article, we'll go through the structure of the free-response section, some helpful tips for answering AP Human Geography FRQs, examples of what these free-response questions look like, and a few places where you can find the best practice materials. Daily Nation. This ideology brought two types of subordination to colonized peoples. © 2007-2020 All Rights Reserved, The term Neo-colonialism is used to refer to, France is currently by far the biggest trading partner of Algeria, this is most accurately described as, The Treaty of Tordesillas primarily concerns the division of, The Berlin Conference was primarily concerned with, SAT Courses & Classes in San Francisco-Bay Area. In the 1950s, part of a wider global movement away from imperialism and political colonization, the countries that made up Indochina gained their independence. Europe's first priority in establishing American colonies was to produce things that they could sell to China and India. For any given disease, human genetic variation will produce people with a variety of levels of susceptibility to the disease. 1997. Colonialism refers to the process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over. This was most notable during the Cold War between the US and USSR. Looking at Figure 1, we know that certain parts of our world have been at the forefront of economic growth, becoming the core of the capitalist world economy. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. This continuation of unequal economic relationships despite an end to formal political control is called neo-colonialism. (Note that contrary to popular myth, the Chinese did not use gunpowder solely for fireworks -- indeed, one would have to be rather dense to invent something that makes a dramatic explosion, and not figure out that you could use it to kill someone!) Finally, the American colonies provided a captive market for European manufactured goods (Blaut 1993). During the colonial era, Europeans came to believe that the people of an entire continent were fit only to work at the behest of superior types of humans (Sundberg 2008). 6. The unreliability of India's climate had led native princes to develop systems to accumulate and store food during good years, and redistribute that food in bad ones. They give an overview of each free-response question and of how students performed on the question, including typical … The difference was that while the Spanish were regrouping, a plague (historians think it was likely smallpox) wiped out many of Tenochtitlan's warriors. The formation of some of the early trans-regional economic linkages can be dated to as early as 3000 BCE, when the Sumerians living in what is now Iraq traded with Egypt and the Harappan civilization in what is now Pakistan (Frank and Gills 1992). London: Verso. Wallerstein's World System Theory. Nevertheless, European powers were able to use their increasing control over world trade to force China into making trade concessions favorable to Europe (Davis 2001). Each of these concessions was then exploited to further tighten Europe's grip on the Chinese economy. The distinguishing feature of the neo-Europes is the similarity of their climates to that of Europe. Conquest and colonization of the Americas provided Europe with a huge boost in resources and markets that enabled it to hitch a ride on the Asian train – and eventually take over that train. We can begin to trace the causes of "the rise of the West" in the 1200s. Chew, Sing C. 2001. Britain and other powers extracted tax breaks and special deals as well as trade monopolies over certain regions. •Example: people may choose to move because of a major problem that almost forces them to move •Example: people may feel they will eventually be forced to move, so they voluntarily move . There are many types of cultural diffusion, and in this guide we will go over the types and provide examples. Today there is fear among some political players that China's rapid economic growth is giving them the means to compete with the US, Japan, and Europe in manipulating poorer countries (Brautigam 2010). 2010. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. More specifically, we know that the industrial revolution began in the English Midlands, and spread first to the rest of Europe and North America. London: Longman. Geography, empire, and environmental determinism. Write. Colonization also imposed new boundaries on colonized lands. In his essay "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," sociologist Max Weber argued that the Protestant doctrine of predestination -- which held that God had already decided who would go to Heaven and who would go to Hell, and there was nothing an individual could do about it -- caused people to work hard and invest their savings in the economy rather than wasting them on Earthly pleasures. Native Americans were often skilled fighters, and they quickly took up European weaponry, but they remained largely dependent on trade with European allies to keep up in the arms race. Acquisition of deadly diseases from animals continues today, with recent concerns over bird flu and swine flu. This was most famously done at the 1884 Berlin Conference, when the major European powers drew up a map allocating colonial control of Africa, disregarding any native ethnic or political boundaries as well as natural features (Chamberlain 1999). But eventually, the system becomes too rigid and overexploits its resources, and there is a downswing (Chew 2001). 2007. Techniques ranging from aid packages with strings attached, to direct military intervention, were used to install friendly regimes, with little regard to the consequences for the prosperity of the people in the countries in question (Faber 2002). AP Human Geography Help » Political Organization of Space » Evolution … Europeans did not colonize the interior of Africa during this period (though they would do so later, after the end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade). Colonialism involves a powerful nation sending settlers to permanently live in another land under the originating nation's control. But by the late 1400s, the world economy was on its way back. 3. means of the most recent email address, if any, provided by such party to Varsity Tutors. the If you believe that content available by means of the Website (as defined in our Terms of Service) infringes one Pomeranz, K. 2000. Common definition: A language that facilitates communication or trade between people who speak different native languages. This anti-colonial nationalism then became a justification for clinging to harmful traditions (such as female circumcision) as a form of resistance to colonialism (Goldberg 2009). Colonized societies were forcibly incorporated into the emerging global capitalist economy, typically on bad terms. They told themselves it was their task to bring civilization to the backwards peoples of the world -- a task labeled "the white man's burden" by British author Rudyard Kipling. Transportation of which of the following was NOT part of the Atlantic Triangular Trade of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries between the Americas (American colonies and the Caribbean), Europe, and Africa? Numerous colonies still exist today -- for example, the US controls places such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and some native activists argue that Hawaii is more colony than state. On the economic front, political independence did little for countries still dependent on a global economic system in which the shots were called and the profits made in London, Paris, or New York.

colonialism example ap human geography

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